The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolutio - Isaacson Walter. Страница 1

HOW A GROUP OF HACKERS, GENIUSES, AND GEEKS CREATED THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION

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CONTENTS

Illustrated Timeline

Introduction

CHAPTER 1

Ada, Countess of Lovelace

CHAPTER 2

The Computer

CHAPTER 3

Programming

CHAPTER 4

The Transistor

CHAPTER 5

The Microchip

CHAPTER 6

Video Games

CHAPTER 7

The Internet

CHAPTER 8

The Personal Computer

CHAPTER 9

Software

CHAPTER 10

Online

CHAPTER 11

The Web

CHAPTER 12

Ada Forever

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Notes

Photo Credits

Index

1843

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Ada, Countess of Lovelace, publishes “Notes” on Babbage’s Analytical Engine.

1847

George Boole creates a system using algebra for logical reasoning.

1890

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The census is tabulated with Herman Hollerith’s punch-card machines.

1931

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Vannevar Bush devises the Differential Analyzer, an analog electromechanical computer.

1935

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Tommy Flowers pioneers use of vacuum tubes as on-off switches in circuits.

1937

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Alan Turing publishes “On Computable Numbers,” describing a universal computer.

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Claude Shannon describes how circuits of switches can perform tasks of Boolean algebra.

Bell Labs’ George Stibitz proposes a calculator using an electric circuit.

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Howard Aiken proposes construction of large digital computer and discovers parts of Babbage’s Difference Engine at Harvard.

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John Vincent Atanasoff puts together concepts for an electronic computer during a long December night’s drive.

1938

William Hewlett and David Packard form company in Palo Alto garage.

1939

Atanasoff finishes model of electronic computer with mechanical storage drums.

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Turing arrives at Bletchley Park to work on breaking German codes.

1941

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Konrad Zuse completes Z3, a fully functional electromechanical programmable digital computer.

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John Mauchly visits Atanasoff in Iowa, sees computer demonstrated.

1942

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Atanasoff completes partly working computer with three hundred vacuum tubes, leaves for Navy.

1943

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Colossus, a vacuum-tube computer to break German codes, is completed at Bletchley Park.

1944

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Harvard Mark I goes into operation.

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John von Neumann goes to Penn to work on ENIAC.

1945

Von Neumann writes “First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC” describing a stored-program computer.

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Six women programmers of ENIAC are sent to Aberdeen for training.

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Vannevar Bush publishes “As We May Think,” describing personal computer.

Bush publishes “Science, the Endless Frontier,” proposing government funding of academic and industrial research.

ENIAC is fully operational.

1947

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Transistor invented at Bell Labs.

1950

Turing publishes article describing a test for artificial intelligence.

1952

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Grace Hopper develops first computer compiler.

Von Neumann completes modern computer at the Institute for Advanced Study.

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UNIVAC predicts Eisenhower election victory.

1954

Turing commits suicide.

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Texas Instruments introduces silicon transistor and helps launch Regency radio.

1956

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Shockley Semiconductor founded.

First artificial intelligence conference.

1957

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Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, and others form Fairchild Semiconductor.

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Russia launches Sputnik.

1958

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) announced.

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Jack Kilby demonstrates integrated circuit, or microchip.

1959

Noyce and Fairchild colleagues independently invent microchip.

1960

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J. C. R. Licklider publishes “Man-Computer Symbiosis.”

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Paul Baran at RAND devises packet switching.

1961

President Kennedy proposes sending man to the moon.

1962

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MIT hackers create Spacewar game.

Licklider becomes founding director of ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office.

Doug Engelbart publishes “Augmenting Human Intellect.”

1963

Licklider proposes an “Intergalactic Computer Network.”

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Engelbart and Bill English invent the mouse.

1964

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Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters take bus trip across America.

1965

Ted Nelson publishes first article about “hypertext.”

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Moore’s Law predicts microchips will double in power each year or so.